El-Gendi Fortress: a new military and religious geo-archaeological site, Sinai, Egypt: geomorphological and hydrogeological remarks

Abstract El-Gendi Fortress is a unique geo-archaeological site in Sinai, Egypt. It reflects the progress of Islamic military architecture during Saladin’s reign (Salah ad-din al Ayyubi), founder Ayyubid dynasty (1174-1260AD). The fortress's location met two major geo-criteria. One geographical; it located on mound 655 m above sea level (a.s.l) and 152 El-Tih El-plateau; this elevation contributes to exploration surrounding areas provides fortress with strong defensive position against Crusaders' invasions Egypt (1163–1169 AD). second Hydro-geological; exceptional access both meteoric surface (via barrages) groundwater (through Sudr spring). latter from deep aquifers Nubian sandstones (Malha Formation) across fractured carbonates (Raha Formations Cenomanian Maastrichtian age). Such water was accumulated since Pleistocene pluvial age until fortress’ most recent use. barrages’ upstream sub-basin “a” at Wadi Sudr, similar direction ditch side, confirms that priority their design protect region flash flood risks store relatively flat-lying land. study reveals geographical used safeguard Hajj route central Sinai provide facilities for pilgrims’ caravans when they travel North Africa Mecca. concludes should be part tourism itinerary promoted globally as Geo-tourism. In addition, government implement strategy conserving, rehabilitating, managing heritage sites, improve increase public awareness these sites maximize outcomes.